(Sanskrit: षटकर्म, ṣaṭkarma)

(Sanskrit: षटकर्म, ṣaṭkarma) means “six actions” and refers to a set of cleansing techniques in Hatha Yoga. The purpose of these techniques is to prepare the body for the main practices of yoga and to achieve moksha (liberation). These methods are described by Svatmarama in the Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā as kriya and include the following:

1. Netī:
   Nasal cleansing performed using a neti pot to clean the nasal passages and sinuses. This practice involves using purified water and non-iodized salt to create a gentle saline solution, helping to reduce allergy symptoms and improve breathing.
2. Dhautī:
   This practice involves the complete cleansing of the digestive tract. Dhautī refers to methods that assist in cleaning the stomach and intestines, facilitating better digestion and nutrient absorption. One common method is to drink large amounts of warm water and then induce vomiting.
3. Naulī:
   This technique refers to abdominal massage using the muscles of the abdominal wall. The practitioner stands with feet hip-width apart and hands on the knees, leaning the body at about a 45-degree angle. By using the abdominal muscles, the practitioner rotates them alternately in a clockwise and counterclockwise direction. This practice strengthens the abdominal muscles, improves digestion, and stimulates the digestive system while enhancing body awareness.
4. Basti:
   This practice involves colonic irrigation, typically performed using a thin tube to introduce water or oil into the intestines. The goal is to cleanse the colon and improve digestive function.
5. Kapalabhāti:
   This practice is known as skull shining and involves breath control. Kapalabhāti consists of short, forceful exhalations followed by passive inhalations. The rapid expulsion of air energizes and balances the nadis and chakras, promoting a sense of vitality and mental clarity.
6. Trāṭaka:
   This technique involves gazing at a fixed point, such as a black dot or a candle flame. The purpose is to enhance concentration and increase awareness. During the practice, the individual focuses all thoughts and senses on that point, helping to improve focus and mental calmness.

Two additional purifications mentioned in the Haṭha Ratnavali are:

• Cakri:
  This technique involves the dilation of the anus using a finger. It can help strengthen the muscles in the anal region and improve control.
• Gajakarani:
  This practice involves holding sweetened water in the esophagus while holding the breath, followed by expulsion. It aids in cleansing the digestive system and enhancing its function.

Shatkarma serves as a series of preliminary purifications in Hatha Yoga aimed at removing “gross impurities,” treating ailments, and preparing the body for pranayama. These techniques facilitate the flow of vital energy (prana) in the central channel (sushumna) and allow Kundalini to rise, leading to the attainment of moksha or liberation.